Last modified: 2002-07-27 by rob raeside
Keywords: ireland | green flag | harp | union jack | congested districts board |
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![[The 'Green Ensign']](../images/i/ie-1701.gif)
by Randy Young
The 1917 National Geographic Flag Book has a depiction of an Irish ensign with a green fly and a square English Cross of Saint George in the canton. It bears a gold harp in the lower right fly. The text describes it as the 'Irish ensign at the beginning of the eighteenth century'. The text on page 399 states that the flags in this section were prepared from the black and white drawings (with color indicated) in a book by John Beaumont (third edition) published by John Motte in London in 1701.
Kevin McNamara, 28 October 1998
A similar type of ensign was supposed to have been used in Irish waters between 1688 and 1694; a green flag with a gold harp in the fly but with a St Patrick's saltire in the canton. It is illustrated in a small pamphlet on flags produced by the Royal United Services Institute in about 1895, written by Rear-Admiral R.M.Blomfield. No indication of the source of the information. A bit suspect in my estimation.
David Prothero, 3 November 1998
In a French flag chart from 1799 called 'Flags of All the Nations' I saw a 'green ensign' with an English flag in the canton (and not the Union Jack as on the other British flags), and a golden harp in the lower fly. This flag was labeled 'P[avillon]. de Irlande'. The example of this flag shown above has a square canton, instead of a rectangular canton as on the chart. Unfortunately I can't remember if the canton was 1:2 or 2:3.
Jostein Nygård, 10 June 2001
![[The 'Green Ensign']](../images/i/ie-gren.gif)
by António Martins
The flag book Flaggen Aller Seefahrenden Nationen (1990 reprint: ISBN 3-89225-153-3) dates from 1848 and shows a 'green ensign' captioned simply 'Ireland'. Presumably used for Irish merchant shipping, and presumably official, it is green, with the Union Flag in the canton and a golden Irish harp in the fly.
Stuart Notholt, 8 January 1997
The Irish sources of the period do not support the view that the 'green ensign' was ever in popular use, and it can be said with absolute certainty that it was never official: Ireland was an integral part of the United Kingdom and there was no officially-approved flag for the country during the period of the union. The symbolism of such a flag, combining the separatist Green Flag with the Union Flag would have repelled both nationalists and unionists.
Vincent Morley, 8 January 1997
Believe it or not there is a 19th century version of this green Irish ensign in the Mutare Museum in Mutare, Zimbabwe. Michael Faul, secretary of the Flag Institute, saw it on a recent visit to Zimbabwe. In a recent letter he writes: 'Variations of this flag appear on charts in the 18th and 19th centuries, but William Crampton has assured me that the flag was apocryphal and never existed. Well it did, and I have seen a 19th century example in Mutare.'Bruce Berry, 28 May 1996
I imagine William Crampton meant that the flag was not used in Ireland. It is, of course, impossible to prove that a flag didn't exist, but I find it difficult to believe that no example of the flag and no illustration of its use should have come to light in Ireland had it really been in use here during the 19th century. The big problem with 'ghost' flags which appear on flag charts is that people in distant parts of the world are likely to accept them and to reproduce them in good faith.
Vincent Morley, 2 April 1997
I did some checking on this 'green ensign' last night and I found the following. The green ensign with the gold harp for Ireland is found in:
Nick Artimovich, 9 July 1997
The flag does, of course, appear in many foreign flag books and charts. The earliest of which I am aware is a Dutch flag book of 1693, when the canton naturally contained a St George's Cross rather than a union flag. But these are all secondary sources: illustrations made by authors who, it is probably safe to say, never set foot in Ireland. I am unaware of any contemporary evidence for the use of the flag in Ireland. We are left with two possibilities:
Vincent Morley, 9 July 1997
I've been intrigued as to why this flag was so widely featured on flag charts. My own theory, at one time, was that it started as a harp on a blue ensign with a St.George's cross canton (a known Cromwellian naval ensign), at some stage had the field colour mistakenly changed to green, and was progressively "up-dated" by having the canton flag changed to a 1707- and then an 1801-Union Flag.
David Prothero, 10 July 1997
In March 1871 the flag manufacturers Hounsell prepared drawings that were to be published in a book of flags and signals, and arranged that the Admiralty would 'verify correctness' and purchase some copies. Admiralty Naval Stores Branch sent drawings or proofs to relevant authorities asking for verification. A print of the Green Ensign was sent to the lord lieutenant of Ireland. His reply, dated 24 April 1872, stated that 'the Green Ensign is not correct' and was accompanied by a paper from Sir J. Barnard-Burke, Ulster King of Arms, which starts:
Question of the Irish National Colour was raised a short time since in connection with the State Prosecutions in Ireland and was nearly becoming the subject of legal controversy. That I might reply correctly I made every possible enquiry, I examined carefully the old Celtic authorities, I searched through the Annals of the Four Masters, the Bardic remains etc. and I sought information from all the sources that I thought likely to afford it.He continues with references to Brian Boru's banner at the battle of Clontarf being red, and writes that the popular colours were crimson, saffron and blue, and that from the advent of the Normans, the field of the national arms, and consequently the national colour, was blue. Refering to the Plantagenet era, he writes that the arms of St. Edmund, 'azure three crowns or' were borne with those of St. George and the Royal Standard when Edward I captured Carlaverock castle, but that the three crowns were replaced with the harp by Henry VIII, in case they were mistaken for the Papal tiara. He goes on about the colour for the Knights of the Order of St. Patrick being blue, and that the facings of the Royal Irish Regiments were generally blue, never green, and that the uniform of the Irish Brigade in the service of France was red, and ends:
... prior to the Anglo-Norman invasion there was not any one colour or Banner adopted for Ireland at large: since the introduction of English rule the National colour has been blue.Accompanying this was a drawing of the Union Flag, which was described as the flag of Ireland since 1801, and a drawing of a yellow harp on a blue field which was annotated, 'There is no separate Standard for Ireland: the above is that part of the Standard of the United Kingdom which is borne for Ireland'.
As a result of this communication a letter was sent to Hounsell's on 14 May 1872 stating 'that in view of the report, no separate flag for Ireland should be inserted in the Flag Book'. George C.Hounsell's book was published in 1873 by Field and Tuer and was the forerunner of Drawings of the Flags in Use at the Present Time by Various Nations published by HMSO for the Admiralty in 1875, which itself led on to the series of Admiralty Flags of All Nations starting in 1889.
David Prothero, 15 August 1997
The idea of a green ensign with an 1801 Union may have arisen from a short-lived flag, the ensign of the "Western Yacht Club" of Ireland. It was formed in 1832 and the secretary wrote to the Admiralty: "..a white ensign has been granted to the Royal Yacht Club, a red ensign to the Royal Cork, a blue ensign to the Royal Northern, and as the only unoccupied national flag we have assumed the green ensign."
However they were informed "You may have as the flag for this Club either a red, white or blue ensign, with such device within as you may point out, but that their Lordships cannot sanction the introduction of a new colour to be worn by British ships."
David Prothero, 3 November 1998
Documents in the Public Record Office that show that the Green Ensign was a real though unofficial flag which was flown by Irish vessels in the 19th century.
1846. In February it was being flown at Cadiz by a small trading brig belonging to Harding & Co of Dublin. Described by an Admiralty Agent as a green ensign with a harp and crown in the fly and a Union Jack in the corner. The Agent wrote to the governor of Gibraltar that the flag had been confiscated from the same vessel on two previous occasions in Ireland. [HO 45/1557]
1888. British consul reported to the Foreign Office that the schooner "Guild Mayor" of Drogheda had entered Dunkirk on 19th October wearing an Irish Ensign, a green flag with the Union Jack in the corner but without the harp. In a letter to the consul the Master of the schooner apologised and wrote that it was the flag generally used by vessels from Drogheda when entering English ports, usually in the Mersey, and that he had never been told that it was wrong. [MT 10/529]
David Prothero, 5 August 2001
The results of David's researches are valuable, but what he has done is not so much to provide evidence for the use of the "harp ensign" as to discover two hitherto unrecorded flags: a "crowned-harp ensign" and an uncharged green ensign. The crowned harp was used as a symbol during the agitation for repeal of the union between Britain and Ireland led by Daniel O'Connell in the 1840s and I think it likely that use of the crowned-harp ensign was intended as a gesture of support for that agitation. It is unlikely that its use would have continued for long after the failure of that agitation.
Vincent Morley, 11 August 2001
My family has a variant of this Irish flag that is green (with maiden harp and union jack). The flag came to South Africa with my great grandfather in 1899/1900.
Derek Townshend, 16 August 2001
![[Congested Districts Board, 1893]](../images/i/ie-cdb1.gif)
by Vincent Morley
![[Congested Districts Board, 1907]](../images/i/ie-cdb2.gif)
by Vincent Morley
The only Irish Blue Ensign that I've seen illustrated is the one used by the Congested Districts Board. This had 'C.D.B.' with a crown above and a harp below, all in gold. In the 1907 Admiralty flag book this had been changed. The crown now appeared directly above the harp, with 'C' to the left, 'D' above and 'B' to the right of the crown. The whole group was placed on a blue background inside a lozenge outlined in red. I'm not sure that lozenge is the correct term: it was a square rotated 45 degrees.
David Prothero, September 1997
I have made drawings of the Congested Disticts Board ensigns, which David Prothero has kindly checked.
Vincent Morley, 14 September 1997
I found more about the two flags of the Congested Districts Board in the Public Record Office, ADM 116/371 and ADM 116/1063C. The first flag was in use from 1893 until 1907. The application was for a warrant to fly a Blue Ensign on the yacht Fingal, but was issued for vessels belonging to the Board. In 1906 it was pointed out that the crown and harp should not be separated by the letters. The first flag was cancelled and replaced by the second design which was used until 1916. There is a reference to it being used on the Board's steam ship Granuaile.
David Prothero, 11 October 1999
![[Department of Agriculture, 1900]](../images/i/ie-agric.gif)
by Vincent Morley
The flag of the 'Department of Agriculture, Dublin', to give it its correct title, does not appear in the Admiralty flag book of 1889 but appears in the editions of 1907 and 1916.
David Prothero, 11 November 1997
The Department of Agriculture ensign was applied for in 1900.
David Prothero, 11 October 1999
Flag shown by Norrie and Hobbs (1848) is a union jack with a yellow harp on a white (? or grey or silver) shield. Since such a shield would be metal on metal, it might be the field ought to have been coloured in green.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 12 November 2001
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